Hey, So, I've looked a bit more into the booting process and how to optimize it. Mostly based on the discussion triggered by Owen's boot poster challenge, here http://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-devel-list/2004-November/msg00447.html and also some experiments that I did - basically replacing rhgb with gdm as described here http://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-desktop-list/2004-November/msg00066... What I've done is a bit crude - I've replaced init(1) with a shell script based on /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit and tried to optimize specifically for my system: IBM Thinkpad T41 laptop with a Pentium M processor at 1600MHz along with 512MB of RAM. The results are pretty good I think, here is the general time line made with a wallclock 00: exit grub; start booting the kernel 04: kernel prints audit() 11: initrd is mounted; Red Hat nash visible mount / ro (normal initrd procedure) 13: start bootchart logging; start readahead of approx 193MB files sleep until readahead is complete 24: readahead done; now create /dev and modprobe (in background) mount / rw, enable swap start xfs startx as user davidz in background start messagebus start hald start acpid start NetworkManager 32: X claims the display 34: GNOME desktop banner 40: GNOME desktop is usable (Nautilus desktop, panel fully populated) Here is a bootchart made with the bootchart software from Ziga Mahkovec: http://people.redhat.com/davidz/bootchart.png You may notice that I also start firefox after login and it starts very very fast - that's because readahead loads all files used by Firefox - in earlier experiments I've also added files from OpenOffice.org to readahead and that meant I could start up OpenOffice.org Writer in about three seconds. More below. I've made the following observations 1. The kernel patch, linux-2.6.3-printopen.patch, wasn't really working well for me - it reported far to few files - instead I added a printk() to fs/namei.c:link_path_walk() (disclaimer: I don't know much about the kernel so there may be a better solution than this). 2. The data captured from link_path_walk() was massaged into a list of unique files to preload and sorted on sectors. 3. While capturing the data link_path_walk() and before processing I went through all the menus in the GNOME desktop (to make sure their icon and desktop files would be added to the list) as well as loading Firefox. The list contains 5189 unique files - 231 of these from my home directory - 103 of these from gconf in my home directory and 302 from gconf in /etc. 2267 were .png files and 814 of them were .desktop files. 488 files had ".so" in their name. There was a total of 193MB of files (which says something about the footprint of the GNOME desktop on Fedora :-/) 4. Doing the readahead really helped the time from startx till a usable desktop - less than 10 seconds! 5. Doing readahead on the 5189 files took about 45 seconds on my system, mostly because the files were scattered around the disk. Since I had a spare partition 17GB partition, I did this: a. format spare partition as ext3 b. copy all readahead files to spare partition (193MB) c. copy rest of files from main partition to spare partition (about 9GB) Now the readahead is down to 11 seconds which averages out to be 18MB/s. On the other hand, I can still see (using fileblock) that the files in the readahead is still scattered out and hdparm says I should be able to get 33.87 MB/sec with no seeks. 6. I made a hack to cache /dev (a dev.tar file) and the list of modules to load. This could be used in production if the kernel could give us basically a hash value for the kobject hierarchy representing the hardware (perhaps even a 'tree /sys |md5sum' would suffice). This shaved some seconds of as well. 7. A number of things was started in parallel - I found that doing readahead while running modprobe wasn't helping anything; in fact it contributed negatively to performance (a bit to my surprise, I guess because the kernel was busy). 8. readahead on the right files is A Good Thing(tm). Booting my system without readahead on the partition with the readahead files scattered took 58 seconds (compared to 39 with readahead on the optimized partition) http://people.redhat.com/davidz/bootchart-without-readahead-scattered.png and without readahead on on the optimized partition it took 43 seconds http://people.redhat.com/davidz/bootchart-without-readahead-nonscattered.png again compared to 39 seconds. As an added bonus, the readahead makes sure that e.g Firefox loads fast; all .png and .desktop files are in place for when using the menus. As mentioned, one could put very big apps like e.g. OO.o in the readahead set. So, I think these numbers are good and there's still some room for improvement; e.g. it takes ten seconds from grub to when the initrd is mounted - surely the kernel can boot faster? It's after all 25% of the time spent from grub until I have usable desktop. The bad thing is that this approach is highly specific to my system (and thus why I'm not posting an RPM with it :-), however I think it clearly shows where improvements should be made; here are some random thoughts a. We should keep track of files being loaded and maintain the readahead fileset as appropriate. printk() doesn't seem like the right solution; perhaps a system daemon using inotify or the kernel events layer is the road ahead? This would enable us to readahead the KDE stuff if the user is e.g. using KDE a lot. b. ext3 should support operations for moving blocks around; e.g. optimize around the readahead fileset - when idle the system should rearrange the files to facilitate faster booting c. the start_udev and kmodule process could be cached as I did above d. The whole init(1) procedure seems dated; perhaps something more modern built on top of D-BUS is the right choice - SystemServices by Seth Nickell comes to mind [1]. Ideally services to be started would have dependencies such as 1) don't start the gdm service before /usr/bin/gdm is available; 2) the SSH service would only be active when NetworkManager says there is a network connection; /usr from LABEL=/usr would only be mounted when there is a volume with that label and so forth. Also, such a system would of course have support for LSB init scripts. (This is probably a whole project on it's own so I'm omitting detailed thinking on it for now) Thanks a lot to Ziga Mahkovec for the bootchart software - it's been very useful. Have fun, David [1] : http://www.osnews.com/story.php?news_id=4711 http://www.gnome.org/~seth/blog/2003/Sep/27