Managing iptables,
firewalld and nftables in a way that they don't interfere with each other
by Richard Achmatowicz
I'm newly introduced to firewalld and I would like to make use of it to configure my firewall.
In playing around with firewall-cmd to set up some forwarding rules (which were also maing use of logging the rule executions), I found that rules were not being executed as I expected.
Consequently, I tried to find a way to be able to generate either an nftables view or an iptables view of the rules that are generated by a firewalld configuration so I can see why my rules are not being executed. Running the iptables command would give me some results, but they did not correspond to what I had set up in firewalld.
Add to this the fact that when I do a fresh install, the firewalld service is enabled and active and the iptables and nftables services on my host/router are not active. This leads me to believe that in order to use firewalld, neither iptables nor nftables should be active. On the other hand, I have read that firewall-cmd is just a front end to nftables (the subsystem) and so that might lead one to think that nftables service should be enabled and active.
So, here are my questions:
1. When using firewalld, should the iptables and nftables services be inactive? If one or more is active, what are the consequences?
2. How can I generate an iptables view or an nftables view of the rules in my firewalld configuration in order to see which rules firewalld is really passing to nftables?
3 years, 8 months
release: v0.9.0
by Eric Garver
Hi everyone,
A new release of firewalld, version 0.9.0, is available.
https://firewalld.org/2020/09/firewalld-0-9-0-release
This is a feature release. It also includes all bug fixes since v0.8.0.
New features:
AllowZoneDrifting
Intra Zone Forwarding
Policy Objects (forward and output filtering)
Statistics since v0.8.0:
178 commits
113 files changed, 15642 insertions(+), 3217 deletions(-)
Enjoy.
Eric.
3 years, 8 months
Re: How to Migrate Wordpress Website from 32-bit CentOS Linux 6.3 to
64-bit CentOS Linux 8.2 (2004)
by Kenneth Porter
On 8/31/2020 6:52 PM, Turritopsis Dohrnii Teo En Ming wrote:
>
> SECTION 5 Disable firewalld Software Firewall
> =============================================
>
> Because already protected by Fortigate firewall at the perimeter.
>
> # systemctl disable firewalld
Yeah, right. This post has been spammed to many groups and has horrible
security advice that will leave your system wide open to break-ins.
3 years, 8 months
How to Migrate Wordpress Website from 32-bit CentOS Linux 6.3 to
64-bit CentOS Linux 8.2 (2004)
by Turritopsis Dohrnii Teo En Ming
Subject: How to Migrate Wordpress Website from 32-bit CentOS Linux 6.3 to 64-bit CentOS Linux 8.2 (2004)
Author of this Guide: Mr. Turritopsis Dohrnii Teo En Ming (TARGETED INDIVIDUAL)
Country: Singapore
Date: 31 August 2020 Monday Singapore Time
Type of Publication: Plain Text
Document Version: 20200831.01
SECTION 1 Information Gathering Stage
=====================================
Host operating system is Windows Server 2008 R2 Standard
Host Processor: Intel Xeon CPU E5620 @ 2.40 GHz
Host Memory: 24 GB RAM
Old Oracle VirtualBox version is 4.1.18
Upgrade to Virtualbox version 6.1.12 (COMPLETED SUCCESSFULLY AFTER RESTARTING WINDOWS SERVER)
Old CentOS Linux VM is version 6.3 (32-bit only)
Old Apache web server version 2.2.15
Old MySQL database server version 5.1.61
Old PHP version 5.6.40
Interface eth0: AAA.BBB.CCC.3/24 (ifconfig)
Gateway: AAA.BBB.CCC.2 (ip route) (Gateway is the next hop router which is also the Fortigate firewall)
/etc/resolv.conf (for DNS Client):
nameserver AAA.BBB.CCC.1 (This is the Windows Server with DNS Server role installed)
How to login to OLD MySQL database server:
mysql -u root -p
Old hostname: centos63.teo-en-ming-corp.com
Old Virtual Machine Settings
============================
4 GB RAM, 2 processors, 20 GB storage, network adapter: bridged to broadcom bcm5709c
NEW Virtual Machine Settings
============================
4 GB RAM, 4 processors, 100 GB storage, network adapter: bridged to broadcom bcm5709c
After using Advanced IP scanner and checking DHCP scope in Microsoft DHCP server in Windows Server,
Unused IP address: AAA.BBB.CCC.4 (Use this IP address for new CentOS 8.2 Linux VM)
SECTION 2 Installation of NEW CentOS 8.2 Linux Virtual Machine
==============================================================
New Hostname: centos82.teo-en-ming-corp.com
NEW IP: AAA.BBB.CCC.4
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 (Class C)
Gateway: AAA.BBB.CCC.2
DNS1: 8.8.8.8
Problem
=======
CentOS 8.2 Linux 64-bit will not start and run because VirtualBox is too old (version 4.1.18). Intel Virtualization and VT-d already enabled in server BIOS previously.
So running 64-bit virtual machines is not an issue.
Solution
========
After upgrading to VirtualBox 6.1.12, CentOS 8.2 Linux 64-bit is able to start and run.
SECTION 3 Generate a Backup of ALL Databases in the Old VM
===========================================================
Reference Guide: How to backup and restore MySQL databases using the mysqldump command
Link: https://www.sqlshack.com/how-to-backup-and-restore-mysql-databases-using-...
Reference Guide: How to Show Users in MySQL using Linux
Link: https://www.hostinger.com/tutorials/mysql-show-users/
# cd /root
# mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases > all-databases-20200829.sql
# du -h all-databases-20200829.sql
70M all-databases-20200829.sql
SECTION 4 Disable SELinux (Security Enhanced Linux)
===================================================
You MUST disable SELinux, otherwise Apache web server will not work.
If you DO NOT want to disable SELinux, you must be an expert in SELinux to configure SELinux.
# nano /etc/selinux/config
SELINUX=disabled
# reboot
SECTION 5 Disable firewalld Software Firewall
=============================================
Because already protected by Fortigate firewall at the perimeter.
# systemctl disable firewalld
# reboot
SECTION 6 LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP) Installation
==========================================================
I will be installing Apache web server 2.4.37-21, MariaDB server 3:10.3.17-1, PHP 7.2.24-1 and OpenSSL 1:1.1.1c-15 in 64-bit CentOS Linux 8.2 (2004).
Sub-Section on Installing Apache Web Server
===========================================
# dnf install php php-fpm php-gd
You *MUST* install php-gd, otherwise Apache Web Server cannot execute PHP scripts.
# dnf install httpd
# systemctl enable httpd
# systemctl start httpd
[root@centos82 ~]# ps -ef | grep httpd
root 33214 1 0 22:03 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
apache 33351 33214 0 22:03 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
apache 33352 33214 1 22:03 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
apache 33355 33214 1 22:03 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
apache 33357 33214 0 22:03 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
root 36374 7368 0 22:03 pts/0 00:00:00 grep --color=auto httpd
On the OLD CentOS 6.3 server:
# cd /etc/httpd
# tar cfvz apacheconf.tar.gz conf conf.d
# mv apacheconf.tar.gz /root
On the NEW CentOS 8.2 server:
# cd /etc/httpd
# cp -r conf conf.original
# cp -r conf.d conf.d.original
# scp root@AAA.BBB.CCC.3:/root/apacheconf.tar.gz .
# tar xfvz apacheconf.tar.gz
On the OLD CentOS 6.3 server:
# cd /var/www/html
# tar cfvz websites.tar.gz *
(1.4 GB)
On the NEW CentOS 8.2 server:
# cd /var/www/html
# scp root@AAA.BBB.CCC.3:/root/websites.tar.gz .
# tar xfvz websites.tar.gz
Continuing on the NEW CentOS 8.2 server
=======================================
How to troubleshoot Apache web server
=====================================
The following are TWO very important Linux troubleshooting commands.
# systemctl status httpd (check the error Apache web server gives out)
# httpd -t (for checking Apache web server configuration syntax)
Make the following changes to /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf, as follows:
Rationale for unloading modules here: The modules were already loaded in config files in another location /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d, so we disable in httpd.conf to avoid duplication.
If there are duplication for loading modules, Apache web server cannot start.
#
# Dynamic Shared Object (DSO) Support
#
# To be able to use the functionality of a module which was built as a DSO you
# have to place corresponding `LoadModule' lines at this location so the
# directives contained in it are actually available _before_ they are used.
# Statically compiled modules (those listed by `httpd -l') do not need
# to be loaded here.
#
# Example:
# LoadModule foo_module modules/mod_foo.so
#
#LoadModule auth_basic_module modules/mod_auth_basic.so
#LoadModule auth_digest_module modules/mod_auth_digest.so
#LoadModule authn_file_module modules/mod_authn_file.so
#LoadModule authn_alias_module modules/mod_authn_alias.so
#LoadModule authn_anon_module modules/mod_authn_anon.so
#LoadModule authn_dbm_module modules/mod_authn_dbm.so
#LoadModule authn_default_module modules/mod_authn_default.so
#LoadModule authz_host_module modules/mod_authz_host.so
#LoadModule authz_user_module modules/mod_authz_user.so
#LoadModule authz_owner_module modules/mod_authz_owner.so
#LoadModule authz_groupfile_module modules/mod_authz_groupfile.so
#LoadModule authz_dbm_module modules/mod_authz_dbm.so
#LoadModule authz_default_module modules/mod_authz_default.so
#LoadModule ldap_module modules/mod_ldap.so
#LoadModule authnz_ldap_module modules/mod_authnz_ldap.so
#LoadModule include_module modules/mod_include.so
#LoadModule log_config_module modules/mod_log_config.so
#LoadModule logio_module modules/mod_logio.so
#LoadModule env_module modules/mod_env.so
#LoadModule ext_filter_module modules/mod_ext_filter.so
#LoadModule mime_magic_module modules/mod_mime_magic.so
#LoadModule expires_module modules/mod_expires.so
#LoadModule deflate_module modules/mod_deflate.so
#LoadModule headers_module modules/mod_headers.so
LoadModule usertrack_module modules/mod_usertrack.so
#LoadModule setenvif_module modules/mod_setenvif.so
#LoadModule mime_module modules/mod_mime.so
#LoadModule dav_module modules/mod_dav.so
#LoadModule status_module modules/mod_status.so
#LoadModule autoindex_module modules/mod_autoindex.so
#LoadModule info_module modules/mod_info.so
#LoadModule dav_fs_module modules/mod_dav_fs.so
#LoadModule vhost_alias_module modules/mod_vhost_alias.so
#LoadModule negotiation_module modules/mod_negotiation.so
#LoadModule dir_module modules/mod_dir.so
#LoadModule actions_module modules/mod_actions.so
LoadModule speling_module modules/mod_speling.so
#LoadModule userdir_module modules/mod_userdir.so
#LoadModule alias_module modules/mod_alias.so
#LoadModule substitute_module modules/mod_substitute.so
#LoadModule rewrite_module modules/mod_rewrite.so
#LoadModule proxy_module modules/mod_proxy.so
#LoadModule proxy_balancer_module modules/mod_proxy_balancer.so
#LoadModule proxy_ftp_module modules/mod_proxy_ftp.so
#LoadModule proxy_http_module modules/mod_proxy_http.so
#LoadModule proxy_ajp_module modules/mod_proxy_ajp.so
#LoadModule proxy_connect_module modules/mod_proxy_connect.so
#LoadModule cache_module modules/mod_cache.so
#LoadModule suexec_module modules/mod_suexec.so
#LoadModule disk_cache_module modules/mod_disk_cache.so
LoadModule cgi_module modules/mod_cgi.so
#LoadModule version_module modules/mod_version.so
IncludeOptional conf.d/*.conf (Notice the use of OPTIONAL)
Include conf.modules.d/*.conf (DEFAULT CONFIG FILES INSTALLED BY APACHE WEB SERVER 2.4.37)
Install the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) module for Apache web server
# dnf install mod_ssl
Make the following changes to /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf, as follows:
#SSLMutex default (MUST be disabled)
Transferring Public Key from OLD server to NEW server:
# cd /etc/pki/tls/certs
# scp root@AAA.BBB.CCC.3:/root/teo-en-ming-corp.crt .
Transferring Private Key from OLD server to NEW server:
# cd /etc/pki/tls/private/
# scp root@AAA.BBB.CCC.3:/root/teo-en-ming-corp.key .
Install Python3 module for Apache web server:
# dnf install python3-mod_wsgi
Make the following changes to /etc/httpd/conf.d/wsgi.conf, as follows:
LoadModule wsgi_module modules/mod_wsgi_python3.so
Install the Perl module:
# dnf install epel-release
# dnf install mod_perl
Make the following changes to /etc/httpd/conf.d/perl.conf, as follows:
#LoadModule perl_module modules/mod_perl.so
Because Perl module is already loaded in /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/
Disable SSL virtual hosts for now (Our server will support only http and no https at the moment)
# cd /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/
# mv 00-ssl.conf 00-ssl.conf.original
# cd /etc/httpd/conf.d
# mv ssl.conf ssl.conf.1
Sub-Section on Installing MariaDB (MySQL) Database Server
=========================================================
# dnf install mariadb-server
# systemctl enable mariadb
# systemctl start mariadb
Reference Guide: How to Use SCP Command to Securely Transfer Files
Link: https://linuxize.com/post/how-to-use-scp-command-to-securely-transfer-files/
Transfer backup of ALL databases from OLD server to NEW server:
# scp root@AAA.BBB.CCC.3:/root/all-databases-20200829.sql .
Restore ALL databases on NEW server:
# mysql < all-databases-20200829.sql
Login to MySQL (MariaDB):
# mysql
Check all MySQL users are imported:
MariaDB [(none)]> select user from mysql.user;
+------------------+
| user |
+------------------+
| root |
| |
| root |
| |
| root |
| aaa |
| bbb |
| ccc |
+------------------+
8 rows in set (0.001 sec)
Sub-Section on Installing PHP 7.2
=================================
We WON'T be using PHP configuration from OLD CentOS 6.3 server:
# /etc/httpd/conf.d
# mv php.conf php.conf.63
Use the PHP configuration on NEW CentOS 8.2 server:
# cp php.conf.rpmnew php.conf
ERROR ENCOUNTERED
=================
ERROR: Your PHP installation appears to be missing the MySQL extension which is required by WordPress
Solution is found at: https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/centos-lamp-server-apache-mysql-php/
SOLUTION
========
MUST install php-mysqlnd
# dnf install php-mysqlnd
SECTION 7 Apache Web Server Virtual Hosts
=========================================
/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
### Section 3: Virtual Hosts
#
# VirtualHost: If you want to maintain multiple domains/hostnames on your
# machine you can setup VirtualHost containers for them. Most configurations
# use only name-based virtual hosts so the server doesn't need to worry about
# IP addresses. This is indicated by the asterisks in the directives below.
#
# Please see the documentation at
# <URL:http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/vhosts/>
# for further details before you try to setup virtual hosts.
#
# You may use the command line option '-S' to verify your virtual host
# configuration.
#
# Use name-based virtual hosting.
#
#NameVirtualHost *:80
#
# NOTE: NameVirtualHost cannot be used without a port specifier
# (e.g. :80) if mod_ssl is being used, due to the nature of the
# SSL protocol.
#
#
# VirtualHost example:
# Almost any Apache directive may go into a VirtualHost container.
# The first VirtualHost section is used for requests without a known
# server name.
#
#<VirtualHost *:80>
# ServerAdmin webmaster(a)dummy-host.example.com
# DocumentRoot /www/docs/dummy-host.example.com
# ServerName dummy-host.example.com
# ErrorLog logs/dummy-host.example.com-error_log
# CustomLog logs/dummy-host.example.com-access_log common
#</VirtualHost>
#NameVirtualHost *:80
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerAdmin ceo(a)teo-en-ming-corp.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/html/Teo-En-Ming-Corp
ServerName teo-en-ming-corp.com
redirect permanent / http://www.teo-en-ming-corp.com
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerAdmin ceo(a)teo-en-ming-corp.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/html/Teo-En-Ming-Corp
ServerName www.teo-en-ming-corp.com
RewriteEngine off
<Directory /var/www/html/Teo-En-Ming-Corp/>
AllowOverride All
</Directory>
<Location />
RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule !\.(js|ico|gif|jpg|png|css)$ /index.php
</Location>
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerAdmin ceo(a)teo-en-ming-corp.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/html/DonaldTrump
ServerName donaldtrump.com.sg
redirect permanent / http://www.donaldtrump.com.sg
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerAdmin ceo(a)teo-en-ming-corp.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/html/DonaldTrump
ServerName www.donaldtrump.com.sg
RewriteEngine off
<Location />
RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule !\.(js|ico|gif|jpg|png|css)$ /index.php
</Location>
</VirtualHost>
#<VirtualHost *:80>
# ServerAdmin ceo(a)teo-en-ming-corp.com
# DocumentRoot /var/webmiln
# ServerName centos.teo-en-ming-corp.com
# redirect permanent / https://centos.teo-en-ming-corp.com:10000
#</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerAdmin ceo(a)teo-en-ming-corp.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/html/Teo-En-Ming-Corp_old
ServerName old.teo-en-ming-corp.com
RewriteEngine off
<Location />
RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule !\.(js|ico|gif|jpg|png|css)$ /index.php
</Location>
</VirtualHost>
SECTION 8 .htaccess
===================
/var/www/html/Teo-En-Ming-Corp/wp-admin/.htaccess:
order deny,allow
deny from all
allow from AAA.BBB.CCC.DDD
allow from AAA.BBB.CCC.DDD
allow from AAA.BBB.CCC.DDD
allow from AAA.BBB.CCC.DDD
allow from AAA.BBB.CCC.DDD
SECTION 9 FORTIGATE FIREWALL (STATIC NAT/PORT FORWARDING CONFIGURATION)
=======================================================================
Create Virtual IPs for Static NAT/port forwarding.
Edit Virtual IP
===============
Name: Wordpress-Website
Interface: Internet (wan1)
Type: Static NAT
External IP Address/Range: AAA.BBB.CCC.DDD - AAA.BBB.CCC.DDD
Mapped IP Address/Range: AAA.BBB.CCC.4 - AAA.BBB.CCC.4
Optional Filters: No
Port Forwarding: No
Click OK.
Then create IPv4 firewall polic(ies) from WAN1 to Internal using the created Virtual IP, allowing http, https, icmp, ssh, and/or other networking protocols as you wish.
You may also use Security Profiles in Fortigate firewall as you wish:
Antivirus
Web Filter
DNS Filter
Application Control
FortiClient Compliance
SSL/SSH Inspection
Web Rating Overrides
Custom Signatures
-----BEGIN EMAIL SIGNATURE-----
The Gospel for all Targeted Individuals (TIs):
[The New York Times] Microwave Weapons Are Prime Suspect in Ills of
U.S. Embassy Workers
Link: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/01/science/sonic-attack-cuba-microwave.html
********************************************************************************************
Singaporean Mr. Turritopsis Dohrnii Teo En Ming's Academic
Qualifications as at 14 Feb 2019 and refugee seeking attempts at the United Nations Refugee Agency Bangkok (21 Mar 2017), in Taiwan (5 Aug 2019) and Australia (25 Dec 2019 to 9 Jan 2020):
[1] https://tdtemcerts.wordpress.com/
[2] https://tdtemcerts.blogspot.sg/
[3] https://www.scribd.com/user/270125049/Teo-En-Ming
-----END EMAIL SIGNATURE-----
3 years, 8 months
