Fedora 36 up-to-date. $ uname -a Linux e4.eyal.emu.id.au 6.1.15-100.fc36.x86_64 #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Fri Mar  3 17:22:46 UTC 2023 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux I have a script running as root (using sudo) and in it I play a sound     paplay /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg and it always worked. Then a few days ago it stopped and I now get an error. Something changed. $ sudo paplay /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg Connection failure: Connection refused pa_context_connect() failed: Connection refused $ sudo ogg123 -q /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg ALSA lib pulse.c:242:(pulse_connect) PulseAudio: Unable to connect: Connection refused === Could not load default driver and no driver specified in config file. Exiting. Is there a simple way to allow playing sounds in this context?

> You shouldn't. Why are you trying to do that?

If the superuser can't do something, how can a mere mortal user be expected to do same? When the superuser determines *everything* works as expected is time enough to create the first regular user.

Everyone who reports use of root user doesn't need yet another lecture instead of an answer to a question asked.

Fedora 36 up-to-date. $ uname -a Linux e4.eyal.emu.id.au 6.1.15-100.fc36.x86_64 #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Fri Mar  3 17:22:46 UTC 2023 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux I have a script running as root (using sudo) and in it I play a sound     paplay /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg and it always worked. Then a few days ago it stopped and I now get an error. Something changed. $ sudo paplay /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg Connection failure: Connection refused pa_context_connect() failed: Connection refused

Fedora 36 up-to-date. $ uname -a Linux e4.eyal.emu.id.au 6.1.15-100.fc36.x86_64 #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Fri Mar  3 17:22:46 UTC 2023 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux I have a script running as root (using sudo) and in it I play a sound     paplay /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg and it always worked. Then a few days ago it stopped and I now get an error. Something changed. $ sudo paplay /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg Connection failure: Connection refused pa_context_connect() failed: Connection refused $ sudo ogg123 -q /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg ALSA lib pulse.c:242:(pulse_connect) PulseAudio: Unable to connect: Connection refused === Could not load default driver and no driver specified in config file. Exiting. Is there a simple way to allow playing sounds in this context? TIA

On 3/20/23 21:13, Eyal Lebedinsky wrote: > On 20/03/2023 17.22, Eyal Lebedinsky wrote: >> Fedora 36 up-to-date. >> >> $ uname -a >> Linux e4.eyal.emu.id.au 6.1.15-100.fc36.x86_64 #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Fri Mar  3 17:22:46 UTC 2023 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux >> >> I have a script running as root (using sudo) and in it I play a sound >>      paplay /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg >> and it always worked. >> >> Then a few days ago it stopped and I now get an error. Something changed. >> >> $ sudo paplay /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg >> Connection failure: Connection refused >> pa_context_connect() failed: Connection refused >> >> $ sudo ogg123 -q /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg >> ALSA lib pulse.c:242:(pulse_connect) PulseAudio: Unable to connect: Connection refused >> >> === Could not load default driver and no driver specified in config file. Exiting. >> >> Is there a simple way to allow playing sounds in this context? >> >> TIA > > Received a few replies that suggest it is not trivial to do so. Some think it is also unwise. > > My current solution is to run the affected script as my non-root user and in it run some parts with sudo > (set up to run without a sudo password to avoid script interruption). > > BTW: I did try to use su/sudo back to my user, to run from inside the script (which is running as root) but it still fails. There used to be an environment variable that pointed to the pulseaudio socket, but that seems to have changed (at least in F37).  Check that the XDG_RUNTIME_DIR variable is set.  It wasn't when I tested going through root.  It should point to /run/user/<pid> which is most likely /run/user/1000 unless you aren't the first user.

[...] > There used to be an environment variable that pointed to the pulseaudio socket, but that seems to have changed (at least in F37). Check that the XDG_RUNTIME_DIR variable is set. It wasn't when I tested going through root. It should point to /run/user/<pid> which is most likely /run/user/1000 unless you aren't the first user. Yet, it is present and set up. I expect that it is lost by sudo... yes it is. I set it up manually and got a similar error: [eyal@e7:~]$ sudo -i [root@e7 ~]# set|grep XDG_RUNTIME_DIR [root@e7 ~]# export XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/500 [root@e7 ~]# paplay /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg XDG_RUNTIME_DIR (/run/user/500) is not owned by us (uid 0), but by uid 500! (This could e.g. happen if you try to connect to a non-root PulseAudio as a root user, over the native protocol. Don't do that.) Connection failure: Connection refused pa_context_connect() failed: Connection refused

On 03/20/2023 10:13 PM, Eyal Lebedinsky wrote: > > My current solution is to run the affected script as my non-root user and in it run some parts with sudo > (set up to run without a sudo password to avoid script interruption). Although I don't approve of habitually running as root, I have a suggestion that might help.  Years ago I created a little script to play an .mp3 as a wake-up alarm, but there was a little problem.  I have my box set to turn itself back on after a power drop if it was on before, but if it happens late at night, I won't be logged in in the morning, and there wouldn't be any sound.  However, I learned by experiment that ffmpeg can produce sound even if nobody's logged in.  If so, it should be able to do what you're looking for.

On 20/03/2023 17.22, Eyal Lebedinsky wrote: > Fedora 36 up-to-date. > > $ uname -a > Linux e4.eyal.emu.id.au 6.1.15-100.fc36.x86_64 #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC > Fri Mar  3 17:22:46 UTC 2023 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux > > I have a script running as root (using sudo) and in it I play a sound >      paplay /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg > and it always worked. > > Then a few days ago it stopped and I now get an error. Something changed. > > $ sudo paplay /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg > Connection failure: Connection refused > pa_context_connect() failed: Connection refused > > $ sudo ogg123 -q /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg > ALSA lib pulse.c:242:(pulse_connect) PulseAudio: Unable to connect: > Connection refused > > === Could not load default driver and no driver specified in config > file. Exiting. > > Is there a simple way to allow playing sounds in this context? > > TIA Received a few replies that suggest it is not trivial to do so. Some think it is also unwise. My current solution is to run the affected script as my non-root user and in it run some parts with sudo (set up to run without a sudo password to avoid script interruption). BTW: I did try to use su/sudo back to my user, to run from inside the script (which is running as root) but it still fails.

On 21 Mar 2023, at 08:52, Eyal Lebedinsky <fedora(a)eyal.emu.id.au&gt; wrote:  > On 21/03/2023 17.50, ToddAndMargo via users wrote: >> On 3/20/23 21:13, Eyal Lebedinsky wrote: >> On 20/03/2023 17.22, Eyal Lebedinsky wrote: >>> Fedora 36 up-to-date. >>> >>> $ uname -a >>> Linux e4.eyal.emu.id.au 6.1.15-100.fc36.x86_64 #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Fri Mar 3 17:22:46 UTC 2023 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux >>> >>> I have a script running as root (using sudo) and in it I play a sound >>> paplay /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg >>> and it always worked. >>> >>> Then a few days ago it stopped and I now get an error. Something changed. >>> >>> $ sudo paplay /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg >>> Connection failure: Connection refused >>> pa_context_connect() failed: Connection refused >>> >>> $ sudo ogg123 -q /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg >>> ALSA lib pulse.c:242:(pulse_connect) PulseAudio: Unable to connect: Connection refused >>> >>> === Could not load default driver and no driver specified in config file. Exiting. >>> >>> Is there a simple way to allow playing sounds in this context? >>> >>> TIA >> >> Received a few replies that suggest it is not trivial to do so. Some think it is also unwise. >> >> My current solution is to run the affected script as my non-root user and in it run some parts with sudo >> (set up to run without a sudo password to avoid script interruption). >> >> BTW: I did try to use su/sudo back to my user, to run from inside the script (which is running as root) but it still fails. >> > Hi Eyal, > Not what you asked BUT WHEN DOES THAT STOP ME!!! > <maniacal laughter> > If you are already running as root, use "su" to > run your command as a user: > su USER -c "command" > for example: > su eyal -c "ogg123 -q /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg" > Because you are already running as root, you > won't be prompted for USER's password. > You have to use quotes around the command. Use > single quotes if double quotes are used in the command. > -T Tried it and this does not work for me. Does it work for you?

-- Eyal Lebedinsky (fedora(a)eyal.emu.id.au) _______________________________________________ users mailing list -- users(a)lists.fedoraproject.org To unsubscribe send an email to users-leave(a)lists.fedoraproject.org Fedora Code of Conduct: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/project/code-of-conduct/ List Guidelines: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Mailing_list_guidelines List Archives: https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/users@lists.fedoraproject.org Do not reply to spam, report it: https://pagure.io/fedora-infrastructure/new_issue

On 21/03/2023 17.50, ToddAndMargo via users wrote: > On 3/20/23 21:13, Eyal Lebedinsky wrote: >> On 20/03/2023 17.22, Eyal Lebedinsky wrote: >>> Fedora 36 up-to-date. >>> >>> $ uname -a >>> Linux e4.eyal.emu.id.au 6.1.15-100.fc36.x86_64 #1 SMP >>> PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Fri Mar  3 17:22:46 UTC 2023 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 >>> GNU/Linux >>> >>> I have a script running as root (using sudo) and in it I play a sound >>>      paplay /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg >>> and it always worked. >>> >>> Then a few days ago it stopped and I now get an error. Something >>> changed. >>> >>> $ sudo paplay /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg >>> Connection failure: Connection refused >>> pa_context_connect() failed: Connection refused >>> >>> $ sudo ogg123 -q /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg >>> ALSA lib pulse.c:242:(pulse_connect) PulseAudio: Unable to connect: >>> Connection refused >>> >>> === Could not load default driver and no driver specified in config >>> file. Exiting. >>> >>> Is there a simple way to allow playing sounds in this context? >>> >>> TIA >> >> Received a few replies that suggest it is not trivial to do so. Some >> think it is also unwise. >> >> My current solution is to run the affected script as my non-root user >> and in it run some parts with sudo >> (set up to run without a sudo password to avoid script interruption). >> >> BTW: I did try to use su/sudo back to my user, to run from inside the >> script (which is running as root) but it still fails. >> > > Hi Eyal, > > Not what you asked BUT WHEN DOES THAT STOP ME!!! > <maniacal laughter> > > If you are already running as root, use "su" to > run your command as a user: > >      su USER -c "command" > > for example: >      su eyal -c "ogg123 -q /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg" > > Because you are already running as root, you > won't be prompted for USER's password. > > You have to use quotes around the command.  Use > single quotes if double quotes are used in the command. > > -T Tried it and this does not work for me. Does it work for you?

On 22/03/2023 13.57, ToddAndMargo via users wrote: > On 3/21/23 01:04, Eyal Lebedinsky wrote: >> >> On 21/03/2023 17.50, ToddAndMargo via users wrote: >>> On 3/20/23 21:13, Eyal Lebedinsky wrote: >>>> On 20/03/2023 17.22, Eyal Lebedinsky wrote: >>>>> Fedora 36 up-to-date. >>>>> >>>>> $ uname -a >>>>> Linux e4.eyal.emu.id.au 6.1.15-100.fc36.x86_64 #1 SMP >>>>> PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Fri Mar  3 17:22:46 UTC 2023 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 >>>>> GNU/Linux >>>>> >>>>> I have a script running as root (using sudo) and in it I play a sound >>>>>      paplay /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg >>>>> and it always worked. >>>>> >>>>> Then a few days ago it stopped and I now get an error. Something >>>>> changed. >>>>> >>>>> $ sudo paplay /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg >>>>> Connection failure: Connection refused >>>>> pa_context_connect() failed: Connection refused >>>>> >>>>> $ sudo ogg123 -q /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg >>>>> ALSA lib pulse.c:242:(pulse_connect) PulseAudio: Unable to >>>>> connect: Connection refused >>>>> >>>>> === Could not load default driver and no driver specified in >>>>> config file. Exiting. >>>>> >>>>> Is there a simple way to allow playing sounds in this context? >>>>> >>>>> TIA >>>> >>>> Received a few replies that suggest it is not trivial to do so. >>>> Some think it is also unwise. >>>> >>>> My current solution is to run the affected script as my non-root >>>> user and in it run some parts with sudo >>>> (set up to run without a sudo password to avoid script interruption). >>>> >>>> BTW: I did try to use su/sudo back to my user, to run from inside >>>> the script (which is running as root) but it still fails. >>>> >>> >>> Hi Eyal, >>> >>> Not what you asked BUT WHEN DOES THAT STOP ME!!! >>> <maniacal laughter> >>> >>> If you are already running as root, use "su" to >>> run your command as a user: >>> >>>      su USER -c "command" >>> >>> for example: >>>      su eyal -c "ogg123 -q /audio/ogg/beginning.ogg" >>> >>> Because you are already running as root, you >>> won't be prompted for USER's password. >>> >>> You have to use quotes around the command.  Use >>> single quotes if double quotes are used in the command. >>> >>> -T >> >> Tried it and this does not work for me. Does it work for you? > > Something is funny going on.  It does work for me: > > $ su > Password: > > [root@rn6 Misc]# whoami > root > > [root@rn6 Misc]# su todd -c "ogg123 -q Wagner\ al\ piano\ _\ Stefan\ > Mickisch-EpeMHyL-Gio.ogg" > > [root@rn6 Misc]# I can see the difference. My script suns as root using 'sudo script.sh' Doing this works:     $ su     # su eyal -c "ogg123 ... but doing this does not:     $ sudo -i     # su eyal -c "ogg123 ... nor does this:     $ sudo -i     # sudo -u eyal "ogg123 ... So 'su' and 'sudo' set up a different context. My current solution, as I said before, is to run the script directly and use 'sudo' only where it is needed.

On 03/21/2023 11:14 PM, ToddAndMargo via users wrote: > Try running your script with su instead: >      su root -c "script" You only need the quotation marks if what you're sending to su has spaces in it.  HTH, HAND.

On Tue, 2023-03-21 at 22:14 -0700, ToddAndMargo via users wrote: > I hate the sudo command.  I never use it. > > Try running your script with su instead: >      su root -c "script" You might want to explain your reasoning here. These two things are not equivalent, and saying you "hate the sudo command" is not helpful. poc

On 3/22/23 04:21, Patrick O'Callaghan wrote: > On Tue, 2023-03-21 at 22:14 -0700, ToddAndMargo via users wrote: >> I hate the sudo command. I never use it. >> >> Try running your script with su instead: >> su root -c "script" > > You might want to explain your reasoning here. These two things are not > equivalent, and saying you "hate the sudo command" is not helpful. > > poc Both the "su" and "sudo" command will elevate the user to root. Sudo's quirks have pissed me off for ages. Your mileage may vary.

[...] Doing this works: $ su # su eyal -c "ogg123 ... but doing this does not: $ sudo -i # su eyal -c "ogg123 ... nor does this: $ sudo -i # sudo -u eyal "ogg123 ... So 'su' and 'sudo' set up a different context.